![]() Qiu F, Hu X (2010) Modeling group structures in pedestrian crowd simulation. Xie W, Lee EWM, Li T, Shi M, Cao R, Zhang Y (2021) A study of group effects in pedestrian crowd evacuation: experiments, modelling and simulation. Gorrini A, Bandini S, Sarvi M (2014) Group dynamics in pedestrian crowds: estimating proxemic behaviour. Köster G, Seitz M, Treml F, Hartmann D, Klein W (2015) On modelling the influence of group formations in a crowd. IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA) 292–297ĭo T, Haghani M, Sarvi M (2016) Group and single pedestrian behaviour in crowd dynamics. He L, Pan J, Wang W, Manocha D (2016) Proxemic group behaviours using reciprocal multi-agent navigation. Ĭosta M (2010) Interpersonal distances in group walking. Yücel Z, Zanlungo F, Shiomi M (2018) Modeling the impact of interaction on pedestrian group motion. Strogatz SH, Abrams DM, McRobie A, Eckhardt B, Ott E (2005) Crowd synchrony on the Millennium Bridge. Springer, Cham, pp 83–91ĭuives D, Daamen W, Hoogendoorn S (2014) Influence of group size and group composition on the adhered distance headway. ![]() Gorrini A, Bandini S, Vizzari G (2015) Empirical investigation on pedestrian crowd dynamics and grouping. Schultz M (2010) An individual-based model for passenger movement behaviour in airport terminals. Ĭheng L, Yarlagadda R, Clinton BF, Yarlagadda KP (2014) A review of pedestrian group dynamics and methodologies in modelling pedestrian group behaviours. Singh H, Arter R, Dodd L, Langston P, Lester E, Drury J (2009) Modelling subgroup behaviour in crowd dynamics DEM simulation. Gayathri H, Aparna PM, Verma A (2017) A review of studies on understanding crowd dynamics in the context of crowd safety in mass religious gatherings. Sociometry 24(1):36–45Īveni AF (1977) The not-so-lonely crowd: friendship groups in collective behaviour. ![]() Ĭoleman JS, James J (1961) The equilibrium size distribution of freely-forming groups. Moussaïd M, Perozo N, Garnier S, Helbing D, Theraulaz G (2010) The walking behaviour of pedestrian social groups and its impact on crowd dynamics. This study can also help the event planners and managers to take proper crowd management measures (such as appropriate barricading, streamlining the flow, etc.) whenever there is a reduction in speeds at the ghat or temple regions. This study will help bring out interesting insights on the effect of groups in the crowd and uncover their impact on the overall speed of the crowd. This is done assuming a location as an isolated pedestrian section, based on a few criteria. Further, while comparing the groups’ speeds with isolated pedestrian speeds, it was inferred that the presence of groups slows overall crowd movement. ![]() The average speed was found to decrease as the group size increased. This paper tries to strengthen the existing literature by studying the impact of the presence of groups and group sizes on crowd movement in two major attractions of Kumbh Mela-2016. ![]() Although many researchers have studied group behaviour and its dynamics, the effect of the presence of groups in different group sizes on crowd movement is seldom studied. In mass religious gatherings like Kumbh Mela, where participation of groups is much higher than individuals, studying the impact of groups on the macroscopic parameters is imperative. ![]()
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